Resilient expansion planning of virtual power plant with an integrated energy system considering reliability criteria of lines and towers

The portfolio of virtual power plants (VPP) is a flexible system for facilitating wide range resources with geographical coverage. A VPP can be placed at the intersection electric and energy systems by adding heat pumps to portfolio, thereby accelerating formation integrated systems. VPPs, while virtual, still rely on physical network operations. transmission has responsibility ensuring security supply, reliability operation, optimal planning expansion. vast majority infrastructures, such as lines towers, were installed in last century, thus existing infrastructure aging components not homogeneous. covers large area which expensive maintain requires investments avoid congestion. This work addresses research question how condition affects potential plans expand network. refers health each line tower. decision expansion includes both dismantling (restructuring) without (reconfiguration) towers. determined maintenance cost well index associated risk factors investigation cases where we investment decisions change option installing order meet heating demand locally, also when (health towers) factored in, level Beyond cases, extensive sensitivity analyses are conducted evaluate trade-offs between variables, pump, coefficient performance factors, tower costs. results this lay foundation understanding impacts